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Collaborative Decision Making
- Collaborative decision making (CDM) represents a shift from a central
planning paradigm to a collaborative paradigm
- Requires working together and the mutual understanding of the
respective roles and responsibilities of those in the aviation community
- Three specific factors define the collaborative paradigm
- All parties must know the constraints
- All parties must be able to react to the constraints
- Performance must be measured, in order to improve the system
CDM Roles and Responsibilities
- "CDM Roles & Responsibilities" guideline signed in 1995
by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) development and air traffic
entities
- Air traffic management (ATM) will:
- Monitor the national airspace system (NAS) for constraints
that produce capacity and demand problems (e.g. runway closures,
weather fronts)
- Make these constraints known to NAS users
- Develop a baseline solution to the constraint in cooperation
with the users
- Airline operational ontrol (AOC) will:
- Keep ATM informed of current operational demand intent
- Provide airline business need plans and designs within the
general baseline solution provided by ATM (e.g., cancellations/substitutions
in response to a ground delay program)
Workshop Purpose and Scope
- Purpose
- Extend the roles and responsibilities agreement to the next level
of detail for weather rerouting
- Establish priorities for continued refinement of
- Weather rerouting concepts
- Flow management decision support research
- Scope: collaborative focus areas
- Information dissemination to achieve common situational awareness
- Automation and procedures development
- Practical application in real-time
Example: Collaboration Applied During the Resolution of a Weather Problem
 Data
sharing might be the largest contributor to solving weather problems
- Pro-active flight changes can reduce the need for more drastic strategies
- Automation and procedures are the first lines of defense once a problem
is identified
- Real-time collaboration can be more effective once the specific resolution
strategy is established
Workshop Objectives
- A workshop decision on how users will collaborate with the FAA and
interact with decision support systems
- An improved understanding of participant needs and the value of their
collaboration
- Progress in reaching consensus in the three identified collaborative
focus areas
- Identification and prioritization of weather rerouting research needs
Track Structure and Objectives
- Each track session
- First 10 - 15 minutes: introduction to focus area
- 1 hour: discussion of focus area
- Last 15 minutes: prioritize concepts with respect to importance
for development (i.e., which concepts should be addressed first)
- Report-outs
- Resulting nine prioritized lists grouped by focus area and presented
on Day 2 as focus area report-outs
- Emphasis is always upon decision support or procedural enhancements
to support collaborative weather rerouting
Focus Area: Information Dissemination to Achieve Common Situational
Awareness
- Question
- What data are needed to ensure a common situational awareness
for weather problem detection and resolution and who supplies the
data?
- Examples
- Airlines: What data do users need from the FAA for the proactive
solution of a weather problem?
- Air traffic control (ATC): What data are needed (and when) by
the operational supervisor and controller to implement weather rerouting?
- Traffic flow management (TFM): What data does TFM need from users
or from other sources for weather problem identification?
Focus Area: Automation and Procedures Development
- Question
- What can be developed and agreed upon beforehand?
- Decision support tools
- Procedures
- Examples
- Airlines: Rationing schemes
- ATC: Understanding complexity (e.g., use of Monitor Alert values,
route design rules-of-thumb) and determining capacity
- TFM: Adapting pre-defined routes for weather rerouting (e.g.,
Playbook, Low Altitude Arrival Departure Route–LAADR)
Focus Area: Practical Application in Real-Time
- Questions
- What are the (airline, ATC, TFM)'s primary responsibilities in
weather reroute planning? For example:
- Identify weather problem
- Design reroutes
- Determine reroute capacity
- Assign specific flights to reroutes
- Initial assignment
- Adjustments
- Implement reroute strategy
- Proposed flights
- Active flights
- What are the (airline, ATC, TFM)'s secondary roles in weather
reroute planning?
- Is there any planning activity where collaboration is not desired
or beneficial?
- Result
- Operational concept for real-time strategic solution of weather
problem
- Roles and responsibilities
- Details of collaboration (e.g., cyclic planning)
- Who, what, when, where, how
Degrees of Interaction Among Decision Makers
- Independent: Decision makers make independent decisions
with little or no interaction with other decision makers.
- Communication: Decision makers make independent decisions
while exchanging status information and decision results.
- Coordination: Communication PLUS the rationale behind decisions may
also be exchanged.
- Cooperation: Coordination PLUS other decision makers'
goals are taken into account when making independent decisions. There
is some mutual understanding regarding each other's independent and
shared goals.
- Collaboration: Decision makers make joint decisions
with mutual understanding regarding goals (both shared and independent).
Constraints on Collaboration
- Not all decisions require full collaboration, i.e., joint decision
making:
- Collaboration may be too slow for some decisions (e.g., conflict
avoidance)
- Collaboration may involve a conflict of interest (e.g., user involvement
in setting arrival acceptance rates)
- Collaboration may be illegal (e.g., air carriers jointly setting
long-term schedules)
- An appropriate level of interaction for each type of decision needs
to be determined
Day 2: Solve the Weather Problem
- Group composition is now mixed:
- Airlines
- Air traffic supervisors
- Traffic flow managers
- Consider the weather problem presented
- Are the capabilities identified in your tracks on Day 1 sufficient
to solve the problem?
- Information dissemination to achieve common situational awareness
- Automation and procedures development
- Practical application in real-time
Finalize Report-outs
- Organize report-outs by focus area
- Information dissemination to achieve common situational awareness
- Automation and procedures development
- Practical application in real-time
- Revise report-outs by track based on "lessons learned" in
solving weather problem
Deliver Report-outs to All Participants
- Information dissemination to achieve common situational awareness
- Automation and procedures development
- Practical application in real-time
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Workshop Brochure [161k]
